Rapid and Convenient Potentiometric Method for Determining Fluorosulfate, a Byproduct of the Fumigant and Greenhouse Gas Sulfuryl Fluoride
Bibliographic record
Abstract
High Resolution Image Download MS PowerPoint Slide A fluorosulfate ion (FSO 3 – ) is a hydrolysis product of sulfuryl fluoride (SO 2 F 2 ), which is widely used to fumigate buildings, soil, construction materials, and postharvest commodities, and is a potent greenhouse gas. It is a potential marker for biological exposure to SO 2 F 2 and for monitoring the progress of reactions used to scrub SO 2 F 2 from fumigation vent gases. Here, we report a simple and inexpensive potentiometric method for determining FSO 3 – using a commercial nitrate-selective electrode and discuss its application. The method is suitable for solutions between 0.0025 mM and 660 mM FSO 3 – at initial pH between 5 and 9. Halide interference depends on its molar ratio to FSO 3 – and follows the sequence, F – < Cl – < Br – ≪ I – . Halide interference can be eliminated by adding silver sulfate. Interference by bicarbonate can be eliminated by H 2 SO 4 pretreatment, and interference by phosphate or pyrophosphate by MgSO 4 addition. Sulfate does not interfere, as it does in ion chromatography. Satisfactory method detection limits for FSO 3 – in spiked aqueous extracts of 11 fruits were obtained. The method accurately quantified the yield of FSO 3 – relative to that of F – in base hydrolysis of SO 2 F 2 . This study demonstrates that the developed method is highly selective, convenient, and sensitive and thus can be of great value in practice.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".