Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract If empathy is a sui generis form of perceptual intentionality, one may wonder whether empathic acts are governed by norms and have a sui generis character as well. This chapter answers this question positively and identifies the norms that are at play in our empathic understanding of others. Since empathy involves embodied, affective, and cognitive processes that yield different forms of understanding of others, the chapter distinguishes between basic empathy and various higher-level forms of social understanding. Drawing in the work of Husserl, Stein, and Merleau-Ponty, it suggests that different sets of norms come into play in every such form of experience. While considering arguments recently put forward by critical phenomenology, the chapter then argues that the norms identified by classical phenomenologists, which constitutively belong to the perceptual processes of empathy, should not be confused with the impact that social, historical, and cultural norms have on our experience of others.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.005 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.004 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.010 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".