Prevalence and Outcomes of CKD in England (CaReMe CKD UK)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background: The CaReMe CKD study indicates that one in ten adults in Europe and Canada likely have chronic kidney disease (CKD). In England, 6.5% of the population has been diagnosed with CKD, but rates of possible and undiagnosed cases remain unknown. To address this, we updated the analysis with more comprehensive electronic health records (EHR) to determine the prevalence of diagnosed and potentially undiagnosed CKD and associated clinical adverse outcomes in England. Methods: Patients were identified using linked national EHR (Clinical Practice Research Datalink, Hospital Episode Statistics and Office for National Statistics) by either having a CKD diagnosis or a single pathological value of eGFR <60 ml/min/1.73 m2 or urine albumin-creatinine ratio (UACR) ≥30 mg/g before 1st November 2020. CKD stages were defined in accordance with Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) criteria. CKD was categorized into three groups based on laboratory values or diagnosis codes (Figure). One year cardiovascular and renal event rates were determined using the first recorded in-hospital diagnosis at the main position. Results: In a background population of 10,363,493, the prevalence of possible CKD was 9.2% (mean age 71, 55% women, 32% diabetes, 46% using renin-angiotensinaldosterone system inhibitors); while one out of three did not have a corresponding CKD-specific diagnostic code, half could not be confirmed with KDIGO criteria. Prevalence of CKD was consistently higher in females across definitions. Among CKD patients confirmed by KDIGO criteria, the majority (64%) were in KDIGO stage 3A, 3% were stages one or two. Adverse events were common and 6.7%-8.7% died annually (Figure). Conclusions: One in ten adults in England is affected by CKD, which leads to significant adverse outcomes. Diagnosis rates underestimates the actual prevalence of CKD. There is significant public health potential to identify and treat those who currently remain undiagnosed. Funding: Commercial Support - AstraZenecaPrevalence, outcomes and definitions.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".