Serum Magnesium Levels and Cognitive Function in Hemodialysis Patients: A Cross-Sectional Study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background: Dementia is a global challenge for geriatric care and social welfare, including for aging dialysis patients. Previous studies have suggested a potential association between cognitive function and chronic kidney disease-mineral and bone disorder (CKD-MBD). The present study aims to evaluate this association among patients with hemodialysis. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study of patients with hemodialysis to examine the association between cognitive functions, as assessed by the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) and the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), and serum magnesium, intact parathyroid hormone (PTH), 25-hydroxyvitamin D(OHD), Fibroblast Growth Factor(FGF)-23, and soluble α-Klotho. Results: This study involved 390 patients whose median age was 74 (70-80) years and who had been receiving hemodialysis for an average of 87 (36-168) months. The mean serum magnesium level was 2.4 ±0.3 mg/dL, and the median intact PTH and 25-OHD levels were 157 (94-238) pg/mL and 14.1 (10-19.6) ng/mL. The median intact FGF-23 and soluble α-Klotho levels were 1921 (602-4840) pg/mL and 381 (300-517) pg/mL. The median MoCA and MMSE scores were 25 (22-26) and 28 (26-29). The MoCA and MMSE score were significantly higher (cognitive function is preserved) in patients with higher magnesium levels than lower magnesium after adjusted multivariate analysis (β coefficient [95% confidence interval], 0.91 [0.03, 1.78]; P=0.043 for MoCA, and 0.82 [0.13, 1.5]; P=0.019 for MMSE). There were no significant associations between cognitive functions and serum intact PTH, 25OHD, FGF-23, and soluble α-Klotho levels. Conclusions: Higher serum magnesium levels were associated with preserved cognitive function in hemodialysis patients, and avoiding hypomagnesemia may be recommended to protect cognitive function. On the other hand, no significant associations were observed between cognitive functions and serum intact PTH, 25OHD, FGF-23, and soluble α-Klotho levels. Funding: Private Foundation Support, Government Support - Non-U.S.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".