Intrinsic Prefrontal Functional Connectivity According to Cognitive Impairment in Patients with ESRD
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background: This study aimed to investigate differences in intrinsic prefrontal functional connectivity according to the presence of cognitive impairment in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). Methods: We prospectively enrolled 37 patients with ESRD who were undergoing hemodialysis for more than six months and had no previous history of neurological or psychiatric disorders. The NIRSIT Lite device was used to acquire fNIRS data, and the NIRSIT Lite Analysis Tool program was used to process the data and generate a functional connectivity matrix. We obtained functional connectivity measures by applying graph theory using BRAPH program from the connectivity matrix using the BRAPH program. All patients with ESRD underwent a Korean version of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA-K) to assess their cognitive function. Results: Of the 37 patients with ESRD, 23 had cognitive impairment, whereas 14 patients showed no cognitive impairment. Intrinsic prefrontal functional connectivity was significantly different between groups. The network measures of the strength, global efficiency, and mean clustering coefficient were lower (4.458 vs. 5.129, p=0.018; 0.397 vs. 0.437, p=0.028; 0.316 vs. 0.421, p=0.003; respectively) in ESRD patients with cognitive impairment than those without cognitive impairment. There were no significant correlations between MoCA-K scores and clinical characteristics. Conclusions: We demonstrated a significant association between cognitive function and intrinsic prefrontal functional connectivity in patients with ESRD. ESRD patients with cognitive impairment have reduced connectivity and segregation in the prefrontal brain network compared with those without cognitive impairment.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".