Direct Clinical Applications of Natural Language Processing in Common Neurological Disorders: Scoping Review
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background: Natural language processing (NLP), a branch of artificial intelligence that analyzes unstructured language, is being increasingly used in health care. However, the extent to which NLP has been formally studied in neurological disorders remains unclear. Objective: We sought to characterize studies that applied NLP to the diagnosis, prediction, or treatment of common neurological disorders. Methods: This review followed the PRISMA-ScR (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Extension for Scoping Reviews) standards. The search was conducted using MEDLINE and Embase on May 11, 2022. Studies of NLP use in migraine, Parkinson disease, Alzheimer disease, stroke and transient ischemic attack, epilepsy, or multiple sclerosis were included. We excluded conference abstracts, review papers, as well as studies involving heterogeneous clinical populations or indirect clinical uses of NLP. Study characteristics were extracted and analyzed using descriptive statistics. We did not aggregate measurements of performance in our review due to the high variability in study outcomes, which is the main limitation of the study. Results: In total, 916 studies were identified, of which 41 (4.5%) met all eligibility criteria and were included in the final review. Of the 41 included studies, the most frequently represented disorders were stroke and transient ischemic attack (n=20, 49%), followed by epilepsy (n=10, 24%), Alzheimer disease (n=6, 15%), and multiple sclerosis (n=5, 12%). We found no studies of NLP use in migraine or Parkinson disease that met our eligibility criteria. The main objective of NLP was diagnosis (n=20, 49%), followed by disease phenotyping (n=17, 41%), prognostication (n=9, 22%), and treatment (n=4, 10%). In total, 18 (44%) studies used only machine learning approaches, 6 (15%) used only rule-based methods, and 17 (41%) used both. Conclusions: We found that NLP was most commonly applied for diagnosis, implying a potential role for NLP in augmenting diagnostic accuracy in settings with limited access to neurological expertise. We also found several gaps in neurological NLP research, with few to no studies addressing certain disorders, which may suggest additional areas of inquiry. Trial Registration: Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) CRD42021228703; https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/display_record.php?RecordID=228703.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".