Radar observation of the new <i>λ</i>-Sculptorid meteor shower
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Context. 46P/Wirtanen is a near-Earth comet (NEC) and several previous modeling works had predicted it would produce a meteor shower for the first time on December 12, 2023. Aims. We report the most comprehensive meteor radar observations of the λ-Sculptorid meteor shower produced by comet 46P/Wirtanen. These measurements are critical to constrain the mass distribution of the particles released by the comet as radars generally detect the smaller particle population of the shower. Methods. We utilized observations with the Southern Argentina Agile Meteor Radar-Orbital System (SAAMER-OS) ideally located in the southern hemisphere to detect this shower. Since the shower was predicted to produce very slow meteors, we used the same methodology applied for the Arid meteor shower. Results. As predicted, the shower peak was observed by SAAMER-OS on December 12, 2023 (λ0 = 259.73°) at 0900 UTC, with a Zenithal Hourly Rate (ZHR) peak value of ~2.5 m h−1. Most of the activity of the shower was observed during 2 h between 0730-0930 UTC. The observed mean radiant of the shower in Sun-centered ecliptic coordinates is located at λ − λ0 = 88.9° and β = −36.6°. Our results suggest that the particles detected by SAAMER-OS are in general larger than those for which thermal equilibrium can be assumed (>3 mg) in agreement with the conclusions of previous reports using video observations.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".