Plastically Deformed Tubes Subjected to Mechanical Expansion Processes
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In engineering, the stress state of expanded tubes is crucial for ensuring structural integrity and preventing stress corrosion cracking. The analysis of stresses and strains in tubes subjected to mechanical expansion using an ogive bullet is essential, yet existing theoretical methods for estimating the stress distributions, especially with spherical and ogive shapes, are sparse. This study explores the expansion of 3/8 inch copper and stainless-steel tubes using an expanding bullet, where tangential and longitudinal strains are measured. A novel analytical approach is introduced to evaluate the stresses and strains, segmenting the tube into three zones, each analyzed with a distinct theory. Validation is achieved through an axisymmetric finite element model that employs a multi-linear kinematic hardening material behavior. The analytical model also estimates the expanding mandrel's push force, which is then compared with the results from numerical simulations and experimental data, showing good agreement across methods.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".