Economic Growth and Environmental Degradation in Indonesia: The Roles of Investment, Inflation, Income Inequality, Fossil Consumption, and Poverty
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This research aims to examine the relationship between economic growth and environmental degradation in Indonesia during the 1984-2022 period by using a simultaneous equation approach.Furthermore, this study considers several determinants, which consist of investment, inflation, income inequality, fossil consumption and poverty.This relationship is worth studying, especially in relation to Indonesia because Indonesia is one of the developing countries that is trying to achieve sustainable development as agreed in the sustainable development goals.The findings of this study include economic growth affecting environmental degradation by 1.15 percent and environmental degradation affecting economic growth by 2.41 percent.Furthermore, economic growth was strengthened by investment and weakened by inflation and income inequality.Then, environmental degradation is reinforced by income inequality, consumption of fuel oil and poverty.This study recommends that the government implement a sustainable development policy with the principle of meeting the needs of the present without sacrificing meeting the needs of future generations.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".