Bibliographic record
Abstract
Does the work of Frontex transform borderlands? The article aims to explore the role of the European Border and Coast Guard Agency (Frontex) beyond the EU borders. Challenging the dominant portrayal of Frontex as a technical border control “tool” deployed at the EU borders, this article unpacks Frontex’s impact outside the EU geographic space. Applying the “cultures of border control” analytical framework and analyzing Frontex’s cooperation with third countries, it casts light on Frontex’s cultural impact in the Western Balkan region, using Albania and Serbia as case studies. The article argues that Frontex is expanding and diffusing the EU border control culture beyond the EU borders. This transcends Frontex’s institutional mandate set by its creators and the technical nature of cooperation agreed by its third partners. Actually, through its cultural impact, it both solidifies and expands its role and salience in border control, escaping the EU geographic limits.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.005 | 0.005 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.005 | 0.019 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.014 | 0.010 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.010 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".