How valinomycin transports water across the bilayer: effect of the cation in the electrolyte
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Surface-enhanced infrared absorption spectroscopy (SEIRAS) was employed to investigate the structure of the interfacial water in the 1,2-diphytanoyl- sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DPhPC)/valinomycin floating bilayer on the gold surface in two electrolytes with different cations, KClO4 and NaClO4. The SEIRAS studies indicate that interfacial water adopts different structures in the bilayer with different cations. The structure of interfacial water in the DPhPC/valinomycin bilayer in the NaClO4 solution is similar to water in the DPhPC bilayer (without valinomycin), while the structure of water in the bilayer in the KClO4 solution has a high amount of disordered hydrogen bond network. The results of the present study confirm that valinomycin selectively transports K+ across the lipid bilayer as an ion pair and that the ion pair is bonded to residual water that is released into the submembrane region.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".