Wall-Pressure Spectra Under Turbulent Boundary Layers With Equilibrium Pressure Gradients
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In this study, the effect of equilibrium pressure gradients of different strengths on wall-pressure spectra under turbulent boundary layers is examined using high-fidelity datasets. In addition to datasets available in the literature, two direct numerical simulations of equilibrium flat-plate boundary layers with adverse pressure gradients are carried out. Here, an `equilibrium' flow is defined as that with self-similar mean velocity profiles. In these boundary layer flows, the Clauser parameter is kept constant along the streamwise direction to remove the history effect of pressure gradients in the boundary layers. The boundary layer development is analyzed to show that an equilibrium-flow region is reached in both cases. Different normalizations of the wall-pressure spectrum (WPS) are also analyzed. The effect of adverse pressure gradient on equilibrium-flow WPS is discussed. The datasets, together with existing ones, will be used to test several wall-pressure spectral models (that use boundary layer parameters as inputs), including a recently proposed generalized model for pressure-gradient boundary layers.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.006 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".