Confronting Rural Localism: The Good Roads Movement in Quebec's Eastern Townships, 1897–1920
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract: The Good Roads Movement originated in the United States in the early 1890s, expanding to Ontario then Quebec soon afterward. Fostered by urban interests, its original aim was to convince rural municipalities to replace seasonal dirt roads with "permanent" roads constructed either with gravel or crushed stone. The promise to farmers was that their lives would be improved by greater access to markets, churches, and schools, as well as by less wear and tear on their horses and vehicles, among other benefits. Reformers claimed that the chief obstacle they faced was the long-entrenched system of seasonal statute labour, which they wished to replace with a more centralized system of contractors under the supervision of municipal overseers. But rural ratepayers in the Eastern Townships, as elsewhere in North America, resisted paying a money tax as well as surrendering direct control over their neighbourhood roads. Many rural municipalities adhered to statute labour until the rise of the automobile shortly before the First World War motivated the provincial government to begin shifting its focus toward the construction of hard-surface routes for the use of mostly urban motorists and tourists. Abstract: Le mouvement Good Roads trouve son origine aux États-Unis au début des années 1890 et se répand rapidement en Ontario puis au Québec. Encouragé par des intérêts urbains, son objectif initial était de convaincre les municipalités rurales de remplacer les chemins de terre saisonniers par des routes « permanentes » construites avec du gravier ou de la pierre concassée. La promesse faite aux agriculteurs était que leur vie serait améliorée par un meilleur accès aux marchés, aux églises et aux écoles, ainsi que par une moindre usure de leurs chevaux et de leurs véhicules, parmi d'autres avantages. Les réformateurs soutiennent que le principal obstacle auquel ils sont confrontés tient au système bien ancré du travail statuaire saisonnier, qu'ils souhaitent remplacer par un système plus centralisé constitué de contractants sous la supervision des surveillants municipaux. Cependant, les contribuables ruraux des Cantons de l'Est, comme ailleurs en Amérique du Nord, résistent au paiement d'une taxe monétaire et à l'abandon du contrôle direct sur les routes de leur voisinage. De nombreuses municipalités rurales ont adhéré au travail statuaire jusqu'à ce que l'essor de l'automobile, peu avant la Première Guerre mondiale, incite le gouvernement provincial à commencer à s'orienter sur la construction de routes à revêtement dur à l'usage des automobilistes et des touristes principalement urbains.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".