WASHINGTON DUFF (c.1827–1829–DATE UNKNOWN)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
T he son of Thomas and Oney Duff, Washington Duff experienced enslavement in Kentucky.At the age of seven, his father was legally sold away from his family and was never seen again.Upon hearing rumours that he was to be forcibly transported to the Deep South, Duff secured his self-liberation to Canada in (as yet) an unknown year and worked on a farm with another unnamed freedom fighter and formerly enslaved man.He visited the British Isles in 1861 alongside two other freedom seekers -identified in the report below only by the surnames Jackson and Howellin order to make a living abroad.Jackson may be fellow freedom fighter Benjamin Jackson, who also gave lectures in his own right at this time.Duff may have parted ways with Jackson and Howell, as in the 1861 England and Wales Census he is recorded as a labourer and living in a boarding house in Lowestoft, Suffolk.It is noted there that he is a naturalised British citizen and was born in the US in 1827.So far, a narrative or pamphlet authored by Duff is yet to appear, so it is possible that he rejected white western literary practices and instead relied on radical visual strategies to inform transatlantic audiences about US enslavement, including the display of paintings, panoramas, and lantern views, which he very likely designed or even painted himself.In most of his lectures to wide-ranging audiences that included working-class communities and children's groups, Duff recounted the torture he personally experienced or witnessed, his separation from his sister (as yet unnamed in newspaper reports) and the white supremacist and barbarous practices of the Confederacy during the US Civil War.One newspaper report notes Duff 's tribute to Black female heroism and liberation, as Duff and his sister planned their journey of self-liberation to the northern states together, eventually succeeding when they reached Ohio.The paintings he exhibited to vast audiences across England paid tribute to her life and experiences, as well as scenes of torture, incarceration, and their liberation.Very little
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.193 | 0.061 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".