Comparing 2D and 3D Acoustic Full-Waveform Inversion of the Snowflake Baseline VSP Dataset
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Summary The containment and monitoring institute field research station was established to address the challenges of interpreting changes in seismic waves resulting from CO2 injection. At this facility, a walkaway-walkaround vertical seismic profile survey for baseline data acquisition was conducted before the CO2 injection in 2018. This study aims to construct a baseline velocity model to use this data. We conduct both 2D and 3D acoustic full-waveform inversion, focusing on implementing the Basal Belly River Sandstone layer, the injection layer, with nearly identical parameter settings. We use the global correlation norm as an objective function to mitigate influences of amplitude in data matching. As a result, we successfully detected the BBRS layer and constructed a baseline velocity model through FWI. However, different trends between 2D and 3D FWI have been observed and it has been confirmed that several issues arising in 2D FWI could be effectively addressed in 3D FWI. We have concluded that 3D FWI is more suitable for constructing velocity models and conducting CO2 monitoring studies.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".