Unveiling Piezoelectric Property of a CsPbC1<sub>3</sub> Microcrystal for Flexible Nanogenerator Design
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Inorganic (cesium) metal halide perovskites have shown great potential for incorporation into flexible nanogenerators, solar cells, and wearable electronic devices. Their low-temperature solution processability, flexibility, and piezoelectric properties have uniquely placed them over century-old ceramic piezoelectric materials. Piezoelectric properties of a material are dependent on crystal orientation and could vary in their two-dimensional thin films or three-dimensional bulk microstructure. This study shed light on the intrinsic piezoelectric property of a single microcrystal$(3\times 2.5\mu \mathrm{m}^{2})$of cesium lead chloride$(\text{CsPbCl}_{3})$. Piezoelectric properties of the microcrystals were revealed using state-of-the-art piezo response force microscopy (PFM) technique. Our measured piezoelectric charge constant$(\mathrm{d}_{33})\text{of} 19 \text{pCN}^{-1}$is found to be analogous to their thin film form, and higher than lithium niobate$(\text{LiNbO}_{3})$ceramic, and piezoelectric voltage coefficients$(\mathrm{g}_{33})\text{of} 43.3 \text{mVmN}^{-1}$is higher than that of Pb (Zr, Ti)$\mathrm{O}_{3}$(PZT). The synthesized microcrystals were further dispersed in polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) to make a flexible nanogenerator. With a force of 4.2 N, the NG with 5 wt. %$\text{CsPbCl}_{3}$in the PDMS produced a peak voltage of$\sim 40\mathrm{V}$current of$\sim 4.1\mu \mathrm{A}$, and power of$\sim 111\mu \mathrm{W}$. This result is among the best few NGs made with organic/inorganic halide perovskite materials. This work will inspire the exploration of novel piezoelectric materials to design efficient nanogenerators for harnessing ambient vibration energies, thereby realizing self-powering nano/microdevices.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".