In vivo evaluation of electrophoresis-aidedre-mineralization on surface topography andchemical composition of de-mineralized enamel:an in vivo animal model study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Introduction: The most mineralized and rigid tissue in the human body is tooth enamel.Enamel, the outermost covering of teeth, is made of hydroxyapatite, which is arranged in a well-organized prism structure to absorb loads.De-mineralization occurs when the most widely available and soluble material is removed from the enamel rods' periphery and it is exposed to acids, increasing the enamel's surface porosity, and allowing more acids to diffuse into the tissue and lose mineral ions.Objectives: To evaluate whether an electrophoresis-aided system improved re-mineralization of de-mineralized enamel more than a traditional technique in rabbits with initial enamel lesions using different re-mineralizing agents.Material and methods: Initial enamel lesion was produced through acid etching, and three re-mineralizing agents, such as nano-hydroxyapatite, casein phospho-peptide amorphous calcium phosphate, and bioactive glass, were applied to labial surface using traditional or electrophoresis-aided techniques.Surface topography and chemical composition were evaluated using environmental scanning electron microscope/energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer at baseline, after de-mineralization, and after re-mineralization, at different time periods, such as 2 weeks and 5 weeks for a traditional technique, and 3 hours and 5 hours for an electrophoresis-aided technique.Results: Environmental scanning electron microscope showed that re-mineralizing agents enhanced re-mineralization of surface topography following different application periods.Energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer results revealed that for the traditional technique, there was no statistically significant difference between mean Ca : P ratio values of the three materials at 2 and 5 weeks.For the electrophoresis-aided technique, nanohydroxyapatite showed the highest effect, with the most insignificant effect demonstrated in bioactive glass at both 3 and 5 hours.Conclusions: Applying different re-mineralizing agents significantly influences enamel topography and chemical composition, and accelerate the effect of re-mineralizing agents.Moreover, the dynamics of re-mineralizing agents might be accelerated by electrophoresis.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".