Interpretation and Improvement Direction of the Principle of Equal Pay for Equal-value Work under the Employment Equality Act
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The Equal Employment Opportunity and Work-Family Balance Assistance Act(hereinafter referred to as the ‘Employment Equality Act’) was legislated as the name of ‘Sexual Equality Employment Act’ in 1987 and came into force in 1988, and the law was enacted for the purpose of contributing to the improvement of the status of working women and promotion of their welfare by securing equal opportunity and treatment between men and women in any employment in conformity with the ideal of equality in the Constitution, protecting the maternity and developing their vocational ability. ‘The principle of equal pay for the work of equal value’(Equal Employment Act §8 ① “The employer shall provide equal pay for equal-value work within the identical business.”), which was not included in the original Act, was specified at the time of the amendment in 1989. Since then, the main skeleton of the law clause has remained until now without any changes, and then the provision has been in place for 33 years. This paper critically examines the criteria for judging the principle of equal pay for equal-value work, which has thus been established and accumulated through the implementation of the law for 30 years or so, and explores one direction of interpretation. Prior to this, this paper reviews the background of the creation of the principle of equal pay for equal-value work, international standards and legislative practices of individual countries (USA, Canada, UK, Germany), the legislative formulation of the principle of equal pay for equal-value work under national law, and the relationship between the principle of equality and Article 8 of the Equal Employment Act.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.025 | 0.028 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.007 | 0.031 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.013 | 0.006 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.005 |
| Research integrity | 0.009 | 0.016 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".