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Record W4399305676 · doi:10.1097/cxa.0000000000000209

Effectiveness and Public Health Impact of Safer Supply and Opioid Agonist Treatment: A Narrative Review with Recommendations

2024· review· en· W4399305676 on OpenAlexaffvenue
Meldon Kahan

Bibliographic record

VenueThe Canadian Journal of Addiction · 2024
Typereview
Languageen
FieldMedicine
TopicOpioid Use Disorder Treatment
Canadian institutionsWomen's College Hospital
Fundersnot available
KeywordsHydromorphoneMedicineMedical prescriptionOpioidDosingPublic healthEmergency medicineRetrospective cohort studyCohortMedical emergencyPharmacologyNursingInternal medicine

Abstract

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ABSTRACT Objectives: To review the effectiveness and public health impact of Safer Supply (SS) programs and Opioid Agonist Treatment (OAT) programs and make recommendations for improvement. Methods: Narrative, nonsystematic review based on focused literature searches. Results: Retrospective cohort studies have found reduced rates of hospitalizations and emergency department (ED) visits in patients on SS programs compared with those on no treatment. There is evidence, however, that the diversion of hydromorphone tablets prescribed by SS programs is having an adverse public health impact. Diversion of tablets prescribed by SS programs appears to be common. Retrospective cohort studies have found that opioid naïve people who use diverted prescription opioids sometimes switch to injection opioid use or to heroin. Prescribed or diverted take-home opioids have been associated with bacterial infections caused by the unsupervised injection of nonsterile oral tablets under nonsterile conditions. Opioid agonist treatment has been shown to reduce overdose mortality and to reduce rates of injection-related infection. However, access to OAT remains limited, and treatment retention rates are low. Conclusions: Federal and provincial authorities should ensure that the SS programs they fund take steps to minimize diversion and unsupervised injection. The 3 most important strategies are: Observed dosing of oral hydromorphone, combining hydromorphone with OAT, and coordination of care between SS and OAT providers. OAT prescribers can enhance treatment retention rates by adopting innovative medication protocols. Access to OAT can be increased by initiating OAT in EDs and hospitals, and by using virtual OAT services in rural and remote communities. Objectifs: Examiner l’efficacité et l’impact sur la santé publique des programmes d’approvisionnement plus sûr (AS) et des programmes de traitement aux agonistes opioïdes (TAO), et formuler des recommandations pour les améliorer. Méthodes: Examen narratif, non systématique, basé sur des recherches documentaires ciblées. Résultats: Des études de cohortes rétrospectives ont révélé une réduction des taux d’hospitalisation et des visites aux urgences chez les patients participant à des programmes d’AS, par rapport à ceux qui ne suivent aucun traitement. Il existe cependant des preuves que le détournement des comprimés d’hydromorphone prescrits par les programmes d’AS a un impact négatif sur la santé publique. Le détournement des comprimés prescrits par les programmes d’AS semble être courant. Des études de cohortes rétrospectives ont montré que les personnes n’ayant jamais consommé d’opioïdes et qui utilisent des opioïdes de prescription détournés passent parfois à l’injection d’opioïdes ou à l’héroïne. Les opioïdes à emporter prescrits ou détournés ont été associés à des infections bactériennes causées par l’injection non supervisée de comprimés oraux non stériles dans des conditions non stériles. Il a été démontré que le traitement par agoniste opioïde réduisait la mortalité par surdose et les taux d’infection liés à l’injection. Cependant, l’accès au TAO reste limité et les taux de rétention du traitement sont faibles. Conclusions: Les autorités fédérales et provinciales doivent s’assurer que les programmes d’AS qu’elles financent prennent des mesures pour minimiser le détournement et l’injection non supervisée. Les trois stratégies les plus importantes sont les suivantes : L’observation du dosage de l’hydromorphone orale, la combinaison de l’hydromorphone avec le TAO et la coordination des soins entre les fournisseurs d’AS et de TAO. Les prescripteurs de TAO peuvent améliorer les taux de rétention du traitement en adoptant des protocoles de médication innovants. L’accès aux TAO peut être amélioré en initiant les TAO dans les services d’urgence et les hôpitaux, et en utilisant des services de TAO virtuels dans les communautés rurales et éloignées.

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

How this classification was reachedexpand

Full frame machine prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.011
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.052
Version: metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061cValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesnone
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Not applicable · Consensus signal: none
GenreCandidate signal: Review · Consensus signal: Review
Teacher disagreement score0.013
Threshold uncertainty score0.060

Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0110.052
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0020.001
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0050.007
Bibliometrics0.0100.008
Science and technology studies0.0010.001
Scholarly communication0.0040.004
Open science0.0020.002
Research integrity0.0030.002
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0060.001

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.038
GPT teacher head0.359
Teacher spread0.321 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it

Classification

machine, unvalidated

Machine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.

The models applied no category: nothing in the taxonomy fit this work.
Study designNot applicable
Domainnot available
GenreReview

How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".

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Citations3
Published2024
Admission routes2
Has abstractyes

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