Bibliographic record
Abstract
In this chapter, the most-frequent degradation mechanisms of concrete linings are briefly discussed. This includes reinforcement corrosion by chloride attack and carbonation, and sulfate and acid attacks as major deterioration processes caused by external agents. This discussion will also include frost attack, freeze-and-thaw, and alkali-aggregate reactions caused by internal chemical reactions. Stray current-induced corrosion is also introduced as another major durability concern specific to the railway and the subway tunnels. Mitigation methods for stray current corrosion, including the use of fiber reinforced concrete (FRC) segments are presented, and durability of segments under the coupling effects of stray current and other conventional degradation mechanisms are explained. The conventional approach for durability design, based on European codes EN 1992-1-1:2004 and EN 206-1:2013, American code ACI 318-19, and Canadian code CSA A23.1-19 are summarized. Performance-based service life design for concrete structures is explained and an example of using this methodology to design service life of a segmentally lined tunnel is given.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.006 | 0.003 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".