Exposure to tungsten particles via inhalation triggers early toxicity marker expression in the rat brain
Bibliographic record
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: Our work is focused on tungsten, considered as an emerging contaminant. Its environmental dispersion is partly due to mining and military activities. Exposure scenario can also be occupational, in areas such as the hard metal industry and specific nuclear facilities. Our study investigated the cerebral effects induced by the inhalation of tungsten particles. METHODS: ) in single and repeated modes (4 consecutive days) in adult rats within a nose-only inhalation chamber. Processes involved in brain toxicity were investigated 24 h after exposure. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Site-specific effects in terms of neuroanatomy and concentration-dependent changes in specific cellular actors were observed. Results obtained in the olfactory bulb suggest a potential early effect on the survival of microglial cells. Depending on the mode of exposure, these cells showed a decrease in density accompanied by an increase in an apoptotic marker. An abnormal phenotype of the nuclei of mature neurons, suggesting neuronal suffering, was also observed in the frontal cortex, and can be linked to the involvement of oxidative stress. The differential effects observed according to exposure patterns could involve two components: local (brain-specific) and/or systemic. Indeed, tungsten, in addition to being found in the lungs and kidneys, was present in the brain of animals exposed to the high concentration. CONCLUSION: Our data question the perceived innocuity of tungsten relative to other metals and raise hypotheses regarding possible adaptive or neurotoxic mechanisms that could ultimately alter neuronal integrity.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".