Design of a model predictive control methodology for integration of retrofitted air‐based PV/T system in school buildings
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper presents a model predictive control (MPC) methodology for integrating air-based photovoltaic/thermal (PV/T) systems in school buildings. The methodology is developed based on a case study for an archetype fully electric school building in Québec, Canada. A data‐driven grey‐box model for the classrooms is calibrated with measured data, and a PV/T model is developed. These models are integrated to apply MPC to the school building using the established dynamic tariffs for morning and evening peaks. Three scenarios are investigated and compared: (1) A reference case without a PV or PV/T system, (2) Integration of a PV system and MPC, and (3) Integration of a PV/T system and MPC under a demand response scenario. Results show that using the MPC with PV/T integration can reduce peak demand by up to 100% during high-demand periods for the grid. This methodology is scalable and can be transferable to other institutional buildings.Abbreviations: PV: Photovoltaics system; BIPV/T: Building integrated photovoltaic and thermal system; COP: Coefficient of performance; CV-RMSE: Root-mean-square error; DR: Demand response; DSM: Demand-side management; HRV: Heat recovery ventilator; HVAC: Heating ventilation and air conditioning; IEQ: Indoor environmental quality; MPC: Model predictive control; RC model: Resistance-capacitance model; RES: Renewable energy sources
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".