Detection of ice wedges in Yedoma along the Dalton Highway, Alaska, USA, using capacitive-coupled electrical resistivity tomography
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
In the 2000s, the Alaska Department of Transportation investigated the possibility of realigning about 5 km of the Dalton Highway in Alaska, USA, between the Mile Posts 8 and 12, to meet current design standards and provide safer alignments and grades than the current ones.The project area is in the continuous permafrost zone where ice-rich syngenetic permafrost with large ice wedges, known as Yedoma, formed during the late Pleistocene.To achieve a geotechnical investigation for assessing the permafrost conditions along the proposed realignment, a total of 136 boreholes were drilled.The ground truth coming from these boreholes offers a unique opportunity to assess the capabilities of engineering geophysical investigation in delineating potentially problematic ice-rich permafrost.Therefore, in addition to this geotechnical investigation, ground penetrating radar (GPR) profiling, direct-current and capacitive-coupled electrical resistivity tomographies (DC-ERT and CC-ERT, respectively) were carried out along the proposed realignment.The permafrost table and top of ice-rich syngenetic permafrost were identified in the GPR profile.Both the higher sensitivity and spatial sampling of CC-ERT than DC-ERT allowed the individual detection of resistive ice wedges embedded in more conductive frozen silts in the model of electrical resistivity from the CC-ERT inversion.This is made possible by the high electrical resistivity contrast between ice wedges and frozen silts near 0 C.In the DC-ERT model, only large zones of resistive ice-rich permafrost were delineated without individually detecting the ice wedges.This case study shows the capabilities of CC-ERT to delineate ice wedges in a warm permafrost environment.Geophysical investigations prior to geotechnical investigations can help in designing cost-effective drilling campaigns with fewer expensive boreholes for ground truth along planned linear infrastructures in permafrost environments.1
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it