Antarctic ground ice in a changing climate
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Ground ice is one of permafrost's most important and dynamic geologic components.Its occurrence and distribution are essential to understand landscape evolution.Early investigations of permafrost and ground ice in the McMurdo Dry Valleys of Antarctica identified ice-cemented permafrost, ice wedges, buried glacier ice, and buried remnants of the Ross Sea ice sheet in low elevations.At high elevations (> 1000 m a.s.l), it was initially thought that dry permafrost dominated the region, but recent studies discovered ubiquitous ice-cemented permafrost at shallow depths.Here, we review the current state of knowledge of permafrost and ground ice in the McMurdo Dry Valleys and other ice-free areas in Antarctica to understand the role of ground ice in a changing climate.The study presents a summary of depths to icy permafrost, vertical distribution of ground ice, and δD-δ 18 O profiles for a range of Antarctic sites.Mechanisms of ground ice emplacement are discussed over various timescales, including the freezing of evaporated snowmelt and the condensation of vapour diffusion into the permafrost.The variability in the distribution and origin of ground ice is attributed to ground surface temperature and moisture conditions, which separate Antarctic permafrost into three distinct zones: upland, mixed and coastal zones.Ground ice of vapour-deposition origin is predominantly situated in the stable upland zone, whereas ground ice formed by the freezing of evaporated snow meltwater is predominantly found in the coastal thaw zone. 1
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".