Bridge decks under cold waves: Implications of concrete’s temperature-dependent CTE
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Temperature fluctuations within a bridge deck during a cold wave event can cause severe continuity stresses in structures where movement is restrained. Thermal loads are accounted for using thermal gradients that vary depending on bridge location and cross-sectional geometry. However, the effect of temperature change on material properties, particularly on the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) is rarely accounted for in the analysis and design. A review of the literature indicates that the CTE of concrete materials can vary significantly with changes in temperature, especially under freezing conditions, whereas saturated or partly saturated concrete exhibits nonlinear expansion at temperatures below freezing, resulting from effective reversal of the CTE sign. This effect has not been considered in the literature, when investigating thermal actions on bridge decks in cold temperatures. The aim of this study is to analyze, using an advanced nonlinear F.E. platform, the structural response of a prestressed concrete box bridge structure subjected to cold wave events, when considering the effect of temperature on the nonlinearity, the magnitude and the sign of the CTE of concrete. Meteorological data from three historical cold events of different intensity is input in the thermal models to simulate the temperature distribution in the bridge deck; the estimated temperature field was then used in a structural model to determine the resulting thermal stresses. The temperature-dependence and nonlinearity of the CTE is modeled after calibration of the mathematical relationships against published data. The results indicate that this behavior has a significant influence on structural response, highlighting the need for pertinent consideration of its effect in the relevant sections of the bridge codes. • The hysteresis between temperature and concrete thermal strain is modelled. • A thermal structural finite element model of a concrete box girder is developed. • Climate conditions from three cold wave events are used as boundary conditions. • The hysteretic behavior had significant effects on structural performance. • Significant increases were observed in tensile and compressive strains.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".