Leadership Development in Pharmacy Students: A Literature Review
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background: A deeper understanding of leadership competencies and development of these competencies in pharmacy students are essential to enable future pharmacists to take a more advanced role in patient care and serve as interdisciplinary team members and leaders. Such efforts are also needed to help guide succession planning. Objective: To identify and describe the competencies and experiences involved in leadership development for pharmacy students. Data Sources: A literature review was conducted using the MEDLINE, PubMed, and Google Scholar databases (from inception to November 2023), as well as syllabi from pharmacy leadership courses. Study Selection and Data Extraction: Articles discussing leadership competencies in a health care setting and during pharmacy education and training were included. Competencies and experiences related to leadership development were extracted and organized into categories, with each category given a single descriptor. Data Synthesis: A total of 34 resources were included in the analysis, which revealed the following 7 leadership competencies: leadership knowledge, self-awareness, collaboration, leading change, business skills, systems thinking, and lifelong learning. Conclusions: Pharmacy students can develop their leadership abilities through a variety of experiences and activities aligned with the core leadership competencies identified here. Pharmacy schools in Canada can design and offer leadership placements to help enhance students’ leadership skills. This study has highlighted activities that may help prepare pharmacy students for leadership roles in the changing landscape of pharmacy practice. Keywords: pharmacy leadership, pharmacy students, pharmacy practice, leadership development, leadership competencies RÉSUMÉ Contexte : Une compréhension plus approfondie des compétences en leadership et le développement de celles-ci chez les étudiants en pharmacie sont essentiels pour permettre aux futurs pharmaciens de jouer un rôle plus avancé dans les soins aux patients et de servir de membres et de chefs d’équipes interdisciplinaires. De tels efforts sont également nécessaires pour aider à orienter la planification de la relève. Objectif : Identifier et décrire les compétences et les expériences à l’œuvre dans le développement du leadership pour les étudiants en pharmacie. Sources des données : Un examen de la littérature a été réalisé à l’aide des bases de données MEDLINE, PubMed et Google Scholar (depuis leur création jusqu’en novembre 2023), ainsi que des programmes de cours de leadership en pharmacie. Sélection des études et extraction des données : Des articles traitant des compétences en leadership dans un contexte de soins de santé et pendant la formation en pharmacie ont été inclus. Les compétences et les expériences liées au développement du leadership ont été extraites et organisées en catégories, chaque catégorie étant dotée d’un seul descripteur. Synthèse des données : Au total, 34 ressources ont été incluses dans l’analyse, qui a révélé les 7 compétences de leadership suivantes : connaissances en leadership, conscience de soi, collaboration, conduite du changement, compétences commerciales, pensée systémique et apprentissage continu. Conclusions : Les étudiants en pharmacie peuvent développer leurs capacités en matière de leadership grâce à différentes expériences et activités alignées sur les compétences de base en leadership recensées ici. Les écoles de pharmacie au Canada peuvent concevoir et offrir des stages de leadership pour aider à améliorer les compétences des étudiants en la matière. Cette étude a mis en évidence des activités qui peuvent aider à préparer les étudiants en pharmacie à des rôles de leadership dans le paysage changeant de la pratique pharmaceutique. Mots-clés : leadership en pharmacie, étudiants en pharmacie, pratique de la pharmacie, développement du leadership, compétences en leadership
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.005 | 0.020 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.013 | 0.016 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".