Palytoxin Evokes Reversible Spreading Depolarization in the Locust CNS
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Spreading depolarization (SD) describes the near-complete depolarization of CNS neural cells as a consequence of chemical, electrical, and metabolic perturbations. It is well-established as the central mechanism underlying insect coma and various mammalian neurological dysfunctions. Despite significant progress in our understanding, the question remains: which cation channel, if any, generates SD in the CNS? Previously, we speculated that the sodium-potassium ATPase (NKA) might function as a large-conductance ion channel to initiate SD in insects, potentially mediated by a palytoxin (PLTX)-like endogenous activator. In the current study, we evaluate the effectiveness and properties of PLTX as an SD initiator in L. migratoria . Whereas bath-applied PLTX failed to ignite SD, direct injection into the neuropil triggered SD in 57% of the preparations. Notably, PLTX-induced SD onset was significantly more rapid compared to ouabain injection and azide controls, though their electrophysiological features remained similar. Furthermore, PLTX-induced SD was recoverable and resulted in a greater frequency of repetitive SD events compared to ouabain. Surprisingly, prior PLTX treatment disrupted the onset and recovery of subsequent SD evoked by other means. PLTX injection could attenuate the amplitude and hasten the onset time of azide-induced SD. Such an effect is associated with a complete inhibition at higher doses of subsequent anoxic SD induced through azide treatment or submersion. These results show that PLTX can trigger repetitive and reversible SD-like events in locusts and simultaneously interfere with anoxic SD occurrence. We suggest that the well-documented NKA pump conversion into an open non-selective cationic channel is a plausible mechanism of SD activation in the locust CNS, warranting additional investigations.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".