Organic and inorganic polymeric matrix of modified chitosan with algae and coal fly ash for cationic toxic dye removal: Multivariable optimization by Box-Behnken Design
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract In this study, a composite adsorbent of chitosan/algae/coal fly ash (CS/Alg/FA) was synthesized to be an effective and renewable adsorbent for cationic methyl violet 2B dye (MV2B) removal from synthetic wastewater. The optimization of key adsorption variables (A: CS/Alg/FA dosage (0.02-0.1 g/100 mL), B: solution pH (4-10); C: contact time (20-180 min)) was carried out using the Box-Behnken design (BBD). The Langmuir isotherm model (coefficient of determination R² = 0.94) provided a good fit for the empirical data, and the pseudo-second-order model accurately described the kinetic data. The maximum adsorption capacity (qmax) of CS/Alg/FA for MV2B was determined to be 63.4 mg/g at 25 ⁰C. The possible adsorption mechanism of MV2B can be assigned to electrostatic attractions along with n-π, and H-bonding interactions. Thus, this comprehensive study underscores the potential of CS/Alg/FA as a preferable adsorbent for the removal of cationic organic dyes from industrial wastewater.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".