Xenometabolome of Early-Life Stage Salmonids Exposed to 6PPD-Quinone
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract N -(1,3-Dimethylbutyl)- N′ -phenyl- p -phenylenediamine-quinone (6PPD-Q) is a ubiquitous transformation product (TP) derived from the rubber tire antioxidant N -(1,3-Dimethylbutyl)- N′ -phenyl- p -phenylenediamine (6PPD) and is acutely toxic to certain species of Salmonidae . Not all salmonids are sensitive to acute lethality caused by 6PPD-Q, with 6PPD-Q potency varying by several orders of magnitude among teleosts. The main driver(s) of species sensitivity differences is (are) a pressing question, with one area of interest examining whether differences in teleosts ability to biotransform and detoxify 6PPD-Q could be a key factor. This study utilized liquid-chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) to assess biotransformation and metabolome-wide effects of 6PPD-Q on early-life stage salmonids, including two sensitive species, rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss ) and lake trout ( Salvelinus namaycush ), and one tolerant species, brown trout ( Salmo trutta ). Three phase I TPs and seven phase II TPs were detected, with differences in peak areas revealing that brown trout had the greatest ability to detoxify 6PPD-Q. Monohydroxylated TPs were verified using co-developed analytical standards that will be of use for future biomonitoring and exposure assessment. Several endogenous metabolites were found to be dysregulated in rainbow and lake trout, indicative of mitochondrial dysfunction, altered metabolism, and disrupted membrane permeability. Results of this study indicate a difference in the biotransformation capability of 6PPD-Q among Salmonidae fish species and subsequent unique metabolome responses. Graphical Abstract Synopsis Inter-species salmonid differences in the biotransformation capability of 6PPD-Q leads to sensitivity variability and subsequent unique metabolome responses.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".