Characterisation of the behaviour of liquefaction triggering in a cyclic undrained simple shear test setting
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The definition of appropriate calibration criteria for liquefaction-simulating constitutive models in sands is essential to properly simulate a liquefied state under seismic ground motions, enabling an adequate estimation of the liquefaction hazard. Therefore, a thorough quantitative characterisation of the behaviour of liquefaction is necessary to define liquefaction-triggering criteria that can describe a liquefied state in terms of stress and deformation. This paper presents a benchmark characterisation study of the behaviour of liquefaction, where liquefaction-triggering criteria, in terms of pore pressure ratio (ru) and shear strain (γ), were determined using two cyclic undrained direct simple shear test databases of Ottawa F-65 sand. The behaviour of liquefaction was analysed considering variations of initial state, confinement pressure (σ’v0) and cyclic shearing (CSR) conditions. The onset of liquefaction-triggering markers was evaluated in terms of moment of occurrence. The research concluded that liquefaction-triggering markers ru = 0.95 and γ = 3% could be used simultaneously to indicate the initiation of liquefaction in loose and dense Ottawa F-65 sand under various initial and cyclic shearing conditions.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".