Sufficiency of level 1 charging to meet electric vehicle charging requirements
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract As electric vehicle (EV) deployment increases there is increasing attention to meeting charging needs. We analyze 13 months of real world driving and charging data for 129 battery electric vehicles in Calgary, Canada to evaluate the potential for home-based level 1 charging to deliver the energy needed to satisfy observed driving demand. We find that 29% of vehicles can have their energy needs met entirely with level 1 charging. A further 53% of vehicles in our sample require only occasional supplementary level 3 charges and only a small minority of vehicles require 12 or more supplementary level 3 charges across the sample period. Across all vehicles the median ratio of charge energy that can be shifted to level 1 charging is 0.99. These results challenge the assumption that level 2 charging access is required for convenient operation of EVs and offer a partial solution to enable broader EV charging access and reduce the need for near term electrical panel or distribution grid upgrades.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.014 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.007 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".