Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Introduction Birth trauma can affect physical, mental, and sexual health of post-partum individuals. Objective Our aim is to review the effects of birth trauma on maternal mental and sexual wellness in minority women. Methods In this literature review, we first defined birth trauma through the DSM-5 and its connection between patient treatment. We then analyzed the impacts of physical birth trauma on sexual wellness in women, with a focus on perineal tearing, dyspareunia, and return to sexual activity postpartum. Along with birth traumas impact on postpartum mental health conditions such as post-traumatic stress and depression. We analyzed further data regarding the causes of maternal mortality, reviewing prevalence of mental health conditions, suicide, and preventability of these deaths. We then analyzed data regarding reporting discrimination faced by minority women, prevalence of minority maternal and baby mortality, and complication rates. Results Data show that birth trauma negatively affects maternal mental and sexual health. Factors contributing to birth trauma can be described as interpersonal, psychological, or physical. Physical birth trauma can result from third- or fourth-degree perineal tears which has been linked to increased risk for dyspareunia. Dyspareunia, low libido, and other sexual issues can be challenging for women postpartum. Any degree of vaginal or perineal trauma can cause such sexual health issues. Additionally, overall sexual function can decline during pregnancy making it challenging to return to previous levels of sexual function with associated physical trauma. Birth trauma can cause various psychological effects such as post-traumatic stress, depression, or other mental health conditions. Taking preventative measures to ameliorate birth trauma can increase maternal mental and sexual wellness. It also is important to note the disparities faced by minority women in obstetrics. Minority women are at a higher risk for experiencing a negative birthing process. In general, minority communities face challenges in accessing the necessary resources to mitigate birth trauma or receive sufficient mental and sexual health care. In addition, many minority communities stigmatize mental and sexual health, preventing them from accessing the care they need. Since underserved, minority women have more morbidity and mortality associated with pregnancy and delivery than other populations of women, they are more subject to adverse outcomes, including compromised sexual function. Conclusions Acknowledging racism and stigmas in obstetrics is necessary for establishing culturally competent and equitable healthcare. This is important for creating a safe and positive environment for mothers during the birthing process, lessening the chances of birth trauma, and therefore improving overall maternal mental and sexual wellness post-partum. Disclosure No.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.018 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".