Bibliographic record
Abstract
It is well known that musical activity in colonial New England was quite low; this was in no small part caused by the Puritan emphasis on the unaccompanied singing of psalms in their churches. What is often neglected when discussing Puritan musical activity is how Calvinism’s grip on Puritan theology loosened throughout the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, leaving room for changes to worship traditions. The same Puritans who destroyed pipe organs across England in the seventeenth century started building these instruments in their New England meeting houses towards the end of the eighteenth century. This paper uses primary sources to compare the Puritan theology of the Westminster Confession to statements of belief from Boston’s most progressive Congregationalist churches in the late eighteenth century. Such comparisons, when paired with a timeline of rhetoric surrounding instruments in worship music, connect doctrines of separation to the destruction of organs and doctrines of unity to the reinstatement of organs.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".