3D large deformation modeling of the 2020 Gjerdrum quick clay landslide
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A quick clay slide in Gjerdrum, Norway, occurred at 4 a.m. on 30th December 2020, killing 10 people and destroying houses, roads, and other infrastructures. Approximately, 1.35 million cubic meters of clay were released, a large volume liquefied, and debris was transported almost 2 km that the slide was initialized in downstream. An investigation following the slide determined that the slide was initialized in a 30 m high slope after 2-to-2.5 m vertical erosion in a small creek running along the toe of the slope. After the initiation, the slide developed retrogressively in the order of 500 m backward and sideways over a period of about 2 min. A conventional geotechnical slope stability analysis explains the initial slide. However, more advanced numerical tools are needed to simulate the retrogressive mechanism and the debris flow. The aim of the paper is to demonstrate a 3D material point method model to capture some of the mechanisms involved from initiation until the debris comes to rest and how this method can be used to reproduce and study the processes involved in large deformation landslides.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".