Bibliographic record
Abstract
The growing interest in electric powertrains for aircraft has led to new aircraft designs for air taxis and Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), Electric powertrains allow aircraft designers to consider novel propulsion layouts such ones in which many motors/propellers are distributed along the wing's leading edge, known as Distributed Electric Propulsion (DEP). This configuration confers a number of advantages, including the mitigation of airflow separation. Understanding the wake of a propeller can allow us to develop a better understanding of the dynamical behaviour of DEP aircraft, where large parts of the wings are immersed in the propeller slipstream, which can have a large influence on the forces generated by the wing. In the present work, we describe a method for simulating the wake of a given propeller in the OpenFOAM Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) package. The propeller model uses body forces within a finite propeller region, acting as a momentum source for fluid passing through it. Simulations using this method were performed for various propeller geometries, rotation rates, and freestream velocities, and results were compared with experimental measurements from the literature, yielding good agreement.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".