The Israeli Supreme Court Rules Non-material Losses are Recoverable Under Montreal Convention
Bibliographic record
Abstract
On June 2022, the Israeli Supreme Court ruled on the long-awaited question of whether pure psychological damage under Article 19 of the Montreal Convention, which is nonmaterial, constitutes ‘non-compensatory’ damage within the meaning of Article 29 of the Convention and therefore ‘shall not be recoverable’. The Supreme Court held that the term ‘damage’ under the Montreal Convention includes mental damages and that nonmaterial damage does not equal ‘non-compensatory’ damage. This ruling emphasizes a clear trend in which courts tend to compensate for non-monetary damages. It is uncertain how lower courts will assess mental conditions as medical reports are easy to obtain and treatments vary, and whether it will lead to an undesirable result of long and complex litigation.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.008 | 0.013 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.010 | 0.006 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.011 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.004 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.011 | 0.011 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.015 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".