An open-source refactoring of the Canadian Small Lakes Model for estimates of evaporation from medium-sized reservoirs
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Eddy covariance (EC) is one of the most effective ways to directly observe evaporation from a lake surface. However, the deployment of EC systems on lakes is costly and technically challenging, which engenders a need for accurate modelling of evaporation from reservoirs for effective management. This study aims to (1) refactor the Canadian Small Lakes Model (CSLM) into modern high-level programming languages in open-source repositories and (2) evaluate evaporation estimates from the CSLM using 9 years of EC observations of a pit lake in Northern Alberta. The CSLM is a 1-D physical lake model simulating a mixing layer and an arbitrary thick skin layer which interfaces with the atmosphere and includes a module for ice dynamics. It was developed to interface with the Canadian global coupled models as part of the surface classification scheme and thus utilizes widely accessible forcing data. In this study the CSLM evaporation estimates are also compared to a commonly used bulk transfer method of estimating evaporation. In general, the CSLM had smaller open-water season error (RMSE of 0.70 mm d −1 ) than the bulk transfer method (RMSE of 0.83 mm d −1 ). However, if EC data are available, further improvement can be gained by using an artificial neural network to adjust the modelled fluxes (RMSE of 0.51 mm d −1 ). This final step can be very useful for gap-filling missing data from lake observation networks as there has been recent attention on the limited coverage of direct open-water evaporation observations in the literature.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".