Application of machine vision in drying process modeling of carrot slices
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In this current research, the drying characteristics of carrot slices dried in a convective hot-air dryer are analyzed employing image analysis to determine the most significant factor. From the acquired images, nine parameters viz. redness (R), greenness (G), blueness (B), lightness (L), redness (a), yellowness (b), energy, entropy, and upper surface area of carrot slices were calculated using the algorithm developed in MATLAB 2015a. Boruta feature selection algorithm in the R console showed lightness, redness, and energy were the most significant features among calculated parameters. Additionally, single-layer feed-forward artificial neural network (ANN) architecture with three inputs (hot air temperature, thickness of slices, drying time), and outputs namely lightness, redness, and energy with one hidden layer was used to model input variables to that of responses. Multiple regression models are employed to optimize the drying condition by further assessing the behavior of response variables with hot air temperature and thickness of slices as inputs and lightness, redness, and energy as outputs. The lightness and redness of samples are found to be decreasing with an increase in temperature and a decrease in thickness. Whereas, the effect of these input parameters on energy, the measure of homogeneity of the product surface, is found to be reversed to that of the effect on lightness and redness. Lightness and redness are set to be highest, whereas energy was kept to be lowest. Convective hot air temperature of 60 ℃ and 7 mm thickness sample was found to provide the best quality product within the experiment range.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".