Effects of Exercise and Kinesiotaping with and without Wedge Insole on Pain and Function in Patients with Grade 3 Knee Osteoarthritis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Background: Knee osteoarthritis (OA) is a common degenerative joint disease, often resulting from wear-and-tear and articular cartilage loss. This condition frequently leads to significant pain and physical limitations, affecting the quality of life, particularly in older adults. Objective: To determine the effectiveness of exercise combined with Kinesio tape (KT) and wedge insoles on pain and physical limitations in patients with grade 3 knee osteoarthritis. Methods: A randomized clinical trial was conducted on a sample of 60 participants diagnosed with grade 3 knee OA. Participants were randomly divided into two groups of 30 each using a sealed envelope method. Group A received exercise, KT, and wedge insoles, while Group B received exercise and KT only. Both groups underwent 24 sessions over eight weeks, with three sessions per week. The interventions included electrotherapeutic modalities, strengthening exercises for the quadriceps and hamstrings, and KT application. Pain and physical function were measured using the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) and Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) at baseline, the fourth week, and the eighth week. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 25, with the Friedman test assessing within-group effects and the Mann-Whitney U test evaluating between-group differences. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. Results: Group A consisted of 12 males (40%) and 18 females (60%), with a mean age of 52.33 ± 6.34 years. Group B had 10 males (33.3%) and 20 females (66.7%), with a mean age of 52.94 ± 5.75 years. Significant improvements were observed within both groups in VAS and WOMAC scores (p < 0.05). Post-treatment, Group A demonstrated greater improvements in VAS (mean difference = 2.5, p = 0.000) and WOMAC (mean difference = 15.3, p = 0.000) compared to Group B. Conclusion: Both exercise combined with KT and exercise combined with KT and wedge insoles were effective in reducing pain and improving physical function in patients with grade 3 knee osteoarthritis. However, the combination of exercise and KT without wedge insoles produced superior effects. These findings suggest that KT, as an adjunct to exercise therapy, may provide additional benefits for managing knee OA. Keywords: Knee Osteoarthritis, Kinesio Tape, Wedge Insole, Pain Management, Physical Function, Randomized Clinical Trial, Non-Surgical Treatment, Electrotherapeutic Modalities, Strengthening Exercises, Visual Analogue Scale, WOMAC
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".