Population divergence manifested by genomic rearrangements in a keystone Arctic species with high gene flow
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Genomic rearrangements have in recent years gained attention due to their evolutionary role in processes related to adaptation to local environmental conditions as well as diversification and speciation. In this study, we report on genomic rearrangements in the cold-water adapted polar cod ( Boreogadus saida ), a keystone Arctic fish species. By taking advantage of a new chromosome-level genome assembly in combination with whole-genome population sequencing data from specimens across the northern Barents Sea and adjacent regions, we identified a substantial number of larger chromosomal inversions (n=20) and characterized the previously identified chromosomal fusions (n=5). These genomic features — encompassing over 20% of the genome — exhibited genetic divergence, strong internal linkage disequilibrium, and signals of selection. Two of the identified inversions were associated with the two previously described hemoglobin clusters, while a third chromosomal region was found to differentiate between males and females. Moreover, clustering analyses on genotype frequencies of inversions revealed sub- structuring according to five geographic sub-groups suggesting sub-populations and/or the existence of cryptic ecotypes. These results provide novel insights into the impact of genomic rearrangements in population divergence and thus, potentially local adaptation, especially in species with high gene flow.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".