Thematic description of factors linked with extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae in humans
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background: Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Enterobacteriaceae are associated with serious antimicrobial-resistant infections in Canadians. Humans are exposed to ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae through many interconnected pathways. To better protect Canadians, it is important to generate an understanding of which sources and activities contribute most to ESBL exposure and infection pathways in Canada. Objective: The aims of this scoping review were to thematically describe factors potentially associated with ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae colonization, carriage and/or infection in humans from countries with a very high human development index and describe the study characteristics. Methods: Four databases (PubMed, CAB Direct, Web of Science, EBSCOhost) were searched to retrieve potentially relevant studies. Articles were screened for inclusion, and factors were identified, grouped thematically and described. Results: The review identified 381 relevant articles. Factors were grouped into 13 themes: antimicrobial use, animals, comorbidities and symptoms, community, demographics, diet and substance use, health care, household, occupation, prior ESBL colonization/carriage/infection, residential care, travel, and other. The most common themes reported were demographics, health care, antibiotic use and comorbidities and symptoms. Most articles reported factors in hospital settings (86%) and evaluated factors for ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae infections (52%). Conclusion: This scoping review provided valuable information about which factor themes have been well described (e.g., health care) and which have been explored less frequently (e.g., diet or animal contact). Themes identified spanned human, animal and environmental contexts and settings, supporting the need for a diversity of perspectives and a multisectoral approach to mitigating exposure to antimicrobial resistance.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.014 | 0.050 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.003 | 0.004 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.021 | 0.020 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.005 | 0.005 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".