<i>Parochlus</i> Enderlein, 1912 (Chironomidae, Podonominae) in the mountains of Chiapas, Mexico, evidences dispersal via continental America
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
The subfamily Podonominae (Chironomidae) has historically been considered a model for biogeography research because of its bipolarity, involving the Northern and Southern hemispheres. Parochlus kiefferi is the only species of its genus distributed in the Northern Hemisphere, far from its southern center of origin. Two hypotheses have been postulated to explain this distribution: 1) the clade predates the early Cretaceous Gondwana, having originated in Pangea when North and South America were contiguous; and 2) current distribution stems from a relatively recent dispersal event from cold locations in South America. Both hypotheses lacked empirical support. We provide 3 lines of evidence in support of hypothesis 2. We used DNA analysis with the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 gene to assess the phylogenetic relationship of a species of Parochlus collected in the Chiapas Sierra, Mexico, in the middle of the Nearctic–Neotropical transition region. Pupal exuviae showed clear morphological similarities with P. kiefferi, and exploration of phylogeny from collected pupae and exuviae suggest our specimens are the current representatives of the P. kiefferi lineage that dispersed along the Chiapas mountains to the North. Splitting of the clade, which includes our Mexican specimen, likely reflects genetic variation resulting from the temporal and spatial distance between Chiapas and Canada, where the nearest P. kiefferi individuals included in this analysis originated. We also built historical and present-day climatic niche models for P. kiefferi, which suggest areas with high climatic suitability that could have allowed the establishment and dispersal of the lineage along the mountain ranges of Central America and Mexico. Our findings support the hypothesis of a recent dispersal via mountain ranges in the Americas.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it