Bibliographic record
Abstract
In this chapter, we discuss the pre- and post-migration narratives of young Punjabis around employment expectations and experiences. This work is based on qualitative interviews conducted with young Punjabis in Punjab, India, and Toronto, Canada, as part of a study on COVID-19 and Punjabi migration. The literature on immigrant employment in Canada has largely emphasized either a structural analysis around obstacles faced or their integration and sense of belonging and identity, both in a post-migration context. We expand this literature by emphasizing the agentive manoeuvring of young Punjabis around structural obstacles across both contexts by drawing on the framework of “transnational navigation.” We argue that the migrants’ pathway framed by state policies, their stage of migration and social networks shape their employment expectations and navigations. Across both sites, migrants use the idea of temporariness to cope with the precarious working conditions they expect to face or are facing in the immediate aftermath of migration. These navigations are oriented at enhancing the migrants’ positioning within the existing social hierarchy and do not question the basis of their structural disadvantage.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.040 | 0.013 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.008 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.005 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.011 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".