MetaCrowd: Blockchain-Empowered Metaverse via Decentralized Machine Learning Crowdsourcing
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Metaverse allows a 3D virtual mapping of the physical world to the digital world in which users interact with each other via digital avatars with a wide range of virtual activities. To realize this, the metaverse will inevitably employ numerous machine learning (ML) systems to enable the virtual-physical mapping process and offer intelligent virtual services to metaverse users (MUs). However, metaverse service providers (MSPs), who need ML models for their services (e.g., virtual events and healthcare services), may not have the expertise or resources required to build these underlying ML models. In addition, although ML models can be offered by a crowd of experienced ML workers (MLWs), the MLWs might not be able to collect the desired data for training their ML models due to privacy issues and the large-scale, distributed nature of the metaverse. In this paper, we propose MetaCrowd, a blockchain-based ML crowdsourcing framework that aims to overcome the mentioned issues and make ML accessible to a wide range of MUs and MSPs. Unlike traditional crowdsourcing systems which rely on central authorities, MetaCrowd is decentralized and automatic thanks to blockchain and smart contracts, thereby mitigating the single point of failure and trust issues. Experimental results illustrate the efficiency of MetaCrowd in both performance and cost. In addition, a decentralized application is also implemented and published widely to show its feasibility in practice.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.005 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.006 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.008 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".