Localizing sounds revolving at very high velocities: An auditory wagon-wheel effect
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Localizing sound sources as they move around us is a critical function of the auditory system. Yet most research focuses on static sound sources or sources moving at slow velocities. The present work explores circular trajectories at very high velocities well above the velocity at which we lose the sense of direction (∼2.5 rot/s with white noise). As the number of rotations per second approaches the fundamental frequency of the spinning sound, a sense of direction re-emerges. This creates what has been described informally as the auditory equivalent to the wagon-wheel effect: the sound appears to move in one direction when the velocity is below the fundamental frequency, and it appears to move in the opposite direction when the velocity is above the fundamental frequency. We report on two experiments testing this effect with a 200-Hz complex sound using adaptive VBAP spatialization on a 16-loudspeaker array. Experiment 1 (N = 15) confirmed that participants perceived opposite directions when the velocity was below or above the fundamental frequency. Experiment 2 (N = 7) explores the relationship between this effect at very high velocities and the ability to track sound at slower velocities. Preliminary findings suggest some overlap between localization processes at slow and high velocities.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".