The effects of delay on task-based interactive conversation
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Previous studies have found that, in the presence of noise, the distribution of floor transfer offsets (FTO) broadens and shifts to the right, and it has been suggested that this is due to increased listening effort. The present study investigates if speakers are sensitive to the timing of the start of a partner's turn during interactive conversation. By manipulating the delay on the channel between two talkers on a turn-by-turn basis, the floor transfer offset (FTO) distribution can be modified to simulate what has been observed in more challenging conversational settings. Talkers were seated in different rooms but could communicate via headset microphones and headphones with gains fixed such that the levels would simulate the two talkers sitting in the same room. Conversations where pairs of talkers solved the DiapixUK spot-the-difference task were conducted in both quiet and noise, both with and without added delay. Measures of speech production (e.g., speech level, articulation rate, etc.) and conversation behavior (FTO, turn length, etc.) are compared across the conditions.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.024 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".