A Prediction of the Inter-Annual Variability of Sulfur in Mercury’s Exosphere and Subsurface
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Since the discovery of atoms ejected from Mercury’s surface and forming a tenuous atmosphere around the planet, Mercury’s surface-exosphere interface has been extensively observed by both on-ground and space-borne instruments. Between 2007 and 2011, the MErcury Surface, Space ENvironment, GEochemistry, and Ranging (MESSENGER) spacecraft performed three fly-bys of Mercury followed by four years in orbit around it. This mission derived the surface composition of Mercury which notably includes some moderately volatile species such as sodium, potassium or sulfur. While the two former were clearly identified in Mercury’s exosphere, the latter has never been observed as released from the surface in its neutral form. Moreover, recent studies suggest that hollows, i.e. bright, shallow flat-floored depressions, could potentially be formed by local sulfur accumulation This suggests that sulfur should be present in both the surface and the exosphere of Mercury, with associated migration and/or diffusion processes that could sustain such geological features. Using a 3-D Exospheric Global Model with a Monte-Carlo test-particles approach and accounting for species diffusion in the first meter of Mercury’s regolith, this study aims for the first global prediction of the inter-annual variability of neutral sulfur density in both Mercury’s exosphere and subsurface. This work is particularly relevant for the preparation of ESA/BepiColombo mission which will start its scientific mission in December 2025.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".