Evaluation of the Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Properties of Hydrosol Extract and Essential oil Derived from the Aerial Parts of Salvia argentea
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background: The increasing use of synthetic antimicrobials and antioxidants is a concern for human health. Aims: The main objective of this study was to examine the chemical composition of the essential oil extracted from Salvia argentea and its hydrosol extract while evaluating their antioxidant and antimicrobial effects in vitro. Materials and Methods: The essential oil was obtained by hydrodistillation, while the hydrosol extract was obtained by the liquid-liquid extraction method. The volatile compounds of the essential oil and hydrosol extract were analysed by gas chromatography (GC/FID) and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Antioxidant activities were evaluated using two methods: free radical scavenging activity (DPPH) and iron reduction antioxidant power (FRAP), with BHT used as a positive control. The antimicrobial activity of the essential oil and hydrosol extract was evaluated using the agar disc diffusion method. Results: According to the GC/FID and GC/MS analysis, the essential oil of S. argentea consisted mainly of germacrene D-4-ol (26.3%), epi-α-muurolol (19.2%), and epi-α-cadinol (10.2%). In contrast, the hydrosol extract consisted of oxygenated compounds, including (E)- phytol (23.5%), 14-hydroxy-δ-cadine (17.5%), caryophyllene oxide (11.5%), piperitone (13.5%), and piperitone oxide (11.5%). The essential oil and hydrosol extract showed positive antioxidant activity with both tests. It should be noted that the hydrosol extract showed the best performance, with an IC50 of 8.3 g/L with the DPPH and an IC50 of 12.3 g/L with the FRAP test compared to the BHT. The essential oil revealed antimicrobial activity with strong inhibition against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Bacillus subtilis compared to Gentamicin. Conclusion: The results showed that essential oil and hydrosol extract have promising antimicrobial and antioxidant properties. These findings provide encouraging prospects for their potential use in the pharmaceutical or cosmetic sectors.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".