Bubble grain growth in ice: experiments and simulation
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Hailstones in the clouds develop under various environmental conditions (temperature, humidity, wind, etc.), which impact the size and texture of the ice composing the hail. The stratified structures within a hailstone provide direct insight into the stages it underwent during its growth. In each region, the grains grow with numerous bubbles both inside them and along the grain boundaries (GBs). As hail takes shape, its grain size gradually increases while within the storm cloud and this growth continues even after it falls to the ground. Grain growth is a thermally activated process that modifies the structure of hail, influenced by the presence of bubbles and atmospheric contaminants accumulated within the cloud. This study examines the evolution of grain size in a cylindrical hailstone containing bubbles, employing theoretical equations and a Monte Carlo-based growth model. The computational results contribute to a better understanding of the interaction between GBs and pre-existing bubbles, thereby elucidating the grain size evolution in hailstone containing bubbles near the melting point. Additionally, the study assesses the significance of bubbles in retaining information about a storm within hailstones.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".