Specific Oral Manifestations in Adults with Crohn’s Disease
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background: Oral manifestations of Crohn’s disease (CD) include non-specific lesions and specific lesions directly related to intestinal inflammation. Oral lesions that can be overlooked in CD are sometimes challenging to treat. Methods: In this retrospective single-center study, patients with CD aged over 18 years who complied with follow-up and treatment were included. Clinical definitions of specific oral lesions included pyostomatitis vegetans, glossitis with fissuring, lip swelling with fissuring, cobblestoning, and orofacial granulomatosis. Experienced dentists confirmed the specific lesions in each case. Three groups of patients were identified: those without oral lesions, those with non-specific oral lesions, and those with specific oral lesions. The groups were compared based on demographics, disease extent and behavior (based on the Montreal classification), extraintestinal involvement, biologic and steroid treatment, and the requirement of resective surgery. Results: A total of 96 patients (14.2%) with oral lesions were found among the 676 patients with CD (59.7% male, median age 38 years) who were followed for 6.83 years (IQR 0.5–29.87 years). Eight patients (1.2%, 9 lesions) had specific oral lesions, while eighty-eight patients (13%) had non-specific lesions. Orofacial granulomatosis (n = 3), cobblestoning (n = 2), glossitis with fissuring (n = 2), and lip swelling with fissuring (n = 2) were among the specific lesions. The majority of patients (75%) with specific lesions were male, and their median age was 46.5 years (range: 23–68 years). Disease localization was commonly ileocolonic (50%), and perianal disease was present in 25% of patients. Three patients were active smokers. Extraintestinal manifestations were peripheral arthritis/arthralgia (n = 7) and sacroiliitis (n = 1). All specific lesions were associated with moderate-to-severe disease. Five patients improved with biologic therapy, and two patients with immunomodulatory therapy. Conclusions: Specific oral lesions in CD were associated with active disease and improved with immunomodulators or biologic therapy. Close cooperation between gastroenterologists and dentists is essential for early diagnosis and optimal management of CD.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".